In recent years, much more attentions have been focused on siRNA-based gene therapy. This approach is based on PTGS (Post-transcriptional gene silencing). Due to some defects in viral vectors, non-viral vectors have been used to deliver nucleic acids into target cells. Although, transfection efficiency in non-viral vectors is less than viral ones, but safety of non-viral vectors is much more. Characteristic features of siRNA, such as high compatibility, application in low doses and its versatility make it suitable in the gene therapy field. However, some challenges, such as stimulating immune system and Off-target silencing will be remain. In this review article, we express bottlenecks existing in siRNA delivery into target cells. According to the information, with further development of siRNA delivery in the future, it could be a promising approach in treatment for a variety of genetic diseases.

The purpose of solving the problem of vehicle routing is to find a suitable route taking into account the existing conditions in the transportation problem. In this case, considering the routing conditions with several depots along with imposing traffic restrictions on some vehicles on some routes, will create quite real and complex conditions. Furthermore, in some cases, it is necessary to deliver the customer demand by visiting several times. For this purpose, in this research, by simultaneous considering of multiple depots, split delivery and traffic restrictions, it has been tried to bring the conditions of the routing problem very close to real-world problems. In this paper, after presenting a mathematical model, the problem is solved in small-size instances using CPLEX solver. Then, due to NP-Hardness of considered problem, to solve it on a larger size instance, a variable neighborhood search algorithm is proposed. Finally, the simulated annealing algorithm is used to validate and evaluate the quality of the proposed algorithm. The computational results show that the proposed algorithm has good performance in terms of runtime and solution quality.

In large-scale emergency, the vehicle routing problem focuses on finding the best routes for vehicles. The equitable distribution has a vital role in this problem to decrease the number of death and save people's lives. In addition to this, air pollution is a threat to people’s life and it can be considered to omit other kinds of disasters happens because of it. So, a new MINLP model presented is going to face a real situation by considering real world assumptions such as fuzzy demands and travel time, multi depots and items, vehicle capacity and split delivery. The first objective function is to minimize the sum of unsatisfied demand which follows a piecewise function and the second one is to minimize the cost which depends on the fuel consumption. In order to solve the multi-objective problem with fuzzy parameters, nonlinear function has been linearized by convex combination and a new crisp model is presented by defusing fuzzy parameters. Finally, NSGA-П algorithm is applied to solve this problem and the numerical results gained by this procedure demonstrate its convergence and its efficiency in this problem.

Due to the importance of distribution planning among the different parts of the supply chain, in this paper we have considered the routing of transportation of goods between the various components of the supply chain as vehicle routing problem. The purposes of this paper are considering the real-world operational constraints of distribution planning and provide an efficient metaheuristic solution than other existing methods. Therefore in this paper the routing problem, includes a fleet size and mixed vehicles that are located in central depot and the possibility of split service and limited vehicle access availability for some costumers has been considers. The number of vehicles of each type is not limited. This problem is a well-known NP-hard one; therefore, a new multi-ant colony optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the given problem. Finally, the numerical results of designed experiment problems according to distribution network inside Iran with an improved heuristic method have been analyzed.

Nowadays,global competition urges companies to more seriously consider the issue of cost reduction and high productivity in business networks.In this context,today,both industrial practitioners and researchers are focusing on the issues underlying the supply chain structure.In order to materialize real-world objectives,this study aims to improve the performance of the supply chain network by considering simultaneous pickup and split delivery,minimizing total costs,and maximizing customer services within a multi-period multi-product production planning.Besides,relevant data of the involved parameters were collected upon investigating a case study of a food industry located north of Iran.Eventually,the proposed mixed-integer linear programming model was addressed using a "-constraint method.Finally,related results of this solution were analyzed and compared with those of simple Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP).

Transportation planning and inventory management are among the key problems at the various levels of a supply chain. The integration of transportation and inventory decisions is known as the inventory routing problem (IRP) in the literature. Building upon the reviewed literature, this paper expands an operational combination of the classical routing-inventory problem in the form of a two-level supply chain that includes a multiperiod, multi-product inventory-routing coupled with various kinds of eets with di, erent available capacities called Fleet Size and Mix Vehicle Routing Problem (FSMVRP). In this model, stock out is not allowed. Additionally, two practical and signi, cant features of routing are taken into consideration including: 1-\backhauls" in which the Distributor (Vendor) is supposed to provide services for two groups of the customers (linehaul and backhaul costumers), assuming that each one of the vehicles is , rst unloaded to satisfy the demands of the linehaul customers, and it is later loaded by collecting the loads from the backhaul customers,2-\split delivery" strategy according to which there is a possibility to provide the services to each customer by at least one vehicle. Due to the varying demands of the customers, it is quite possible for the demands of some customers to be more than the available capacity of one vehicle. Particularly, in the case of urban transportation, several vehicle transitions occur at a demand point. Thus, the split services can help minimize the number of the vehicles used, which in turn will increase environmental sustainability. Therefore, , rst, a new mathematical model, i. e., a mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation, is presented for the problem. This problem is a nondeterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard). Then, according to the literature on routing-inventory problems, a bat optimization algorithm, whose performance is evaluated by an e, cient genetic algorithm, is developed for the , rst time. At the end, the numerical results obtained by this algorithm are analyzed using the randomized test problems.

We report a case of an 87-year-old man where coronary CT angiography incidentally demonstrated a “split” right coronary artery (RCA) featuring a “split” posterior descending artery. This case focusses on the morphological description of this variant as well as its differentiation from a “dual” or “duplicated” RCA.

Background and Aim: Postoperative swelling and edema can cause distress to the patient due to considerable pain and, delayed healing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sub mucosal injection of Dexamethasone on postoperative edema after BSSRO.Materials and Methods: The study design was double blind clinical trial in which 19 patients requiring BSSRO were informed and randomly placed into two groups, 11 patients in the case group received 8mg Dexamethasone as a submucosal injection and 9 patients in the control group received 8mg of intravenous injections. Standardized surgical protocols were performed by the same surgeon. Maximum distances from the tragus to the corner of the mouth and from the tragus to the pogonion were measured at baseline and 48 hours post-surgery. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-U-Whitney Test.Results: The study was done on 19 patients in two groups that were matched based on age, sex, weight, period of surgery, type and level of malocclusion and socio-economical state. The average distance from the tragus to the corner of the mouth was 12.8±3 in control group and 14.6±14.9 in case group (p<0.8). The average distance from the tragus to the pogonion was 10.5±3.2 in control group and 14.2±4.3 in case group (p<0.2).Conclusion: Submucosal injection of Dexamethasone is as effective as intravenous injection in reduction of post-operative edema after BSSRO.